【Pathology】Laboratory Values

【Pathology】Laboratory Values

【Pathology】Laboratory Values

1. Albumin (ALB) 血清白蛋白

Normal range: 3.4–5.4 g/dL
Function:

Maintain the osmotic pressure of the blood compartment
Provide nourishment of the tissues
Transport hormones, vitamins, drugs, and other substances such as calcium throughout the body

Low: May have malnutrition, liver disease or an inflammatory disease.
High: Maybe caused by dehydration, acute infections, burns, and stress from surgery or a heart attack.
Disease: Hypoalbuminemia, Albuminuria

2. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP &ALKP) 碱性磷酸酶

Normal range: 20–140 IU/L
Function:

Protect intestinal tract against bacteria
Aid in digestion, breakdown fats and some B vitamins
Promote bone formation

Low: Indicate a deficiency in zinc and magnesium
High: May indicate bone, liver, or bile duct disease
Disease: Hypophosphatasia (HPP)--affect bone & teeth, Hepatitis

3. Bicarbonate 碳酸氢盐

Normal range: 23–30 mM
Function: Maintain the body's acid-base (pH) balance.
Low: 酸

Is making too much acid
Isn't getting rid of enough acid
Doesn't have enough base to offset a normal amount of acid

High: 碱

too many alkali-producing bicarbonate ions
too few acid-producing hydrogen ions

Both low & high----having trouble maintaining its acid-base balance, eg

Failing to remove carbon dioxide through the lungs or the kidneys
An electrolyte imbalance, particularly a deficiency of potassium.

Disease: Metabolic acidosis, Metabolic alkalosis

4. Bilirubin 胆红素

Normal range:

Bilirubin, direct (conjugated): <0.3 mg/dL
Bilirubin, indirect (unconjugated): 0.1–1.0 mg/dL
Bilirubin, total: 0.1–1.2 mg/dL

Function:

gives solid waste products (feces) their characteristic colour.
protect cells against lipid peroxidation (Antioxidant)

Low:

usually not a concern, mostly side effect of a medication (aspirin) or having too much coffee

High:

Bilirubin, direct (conjugated):

Cholestasis
Genetic disorders – Dubin johnson syndrome and rotor’s syndrome

Bilirubin, indirect (unconjugated):

Hemolytic anemia. This means your body is getting rid of too many red blood cells.
Genetic disorders – crigler najjar and gilbert’s syndrome
Neonatal jaundice/physiological jaundice

Bilirubin, total:

Intrahepatic /liver disorder

Disease: Diseases (Low), Diseases (High)

*Difference between direct and indirect Bilirubin:

Difference between direct and indirect Bilirubin

5. Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) 血尿素氮

Normal range: 8–23 mg/dL
Function: determine kidneys function

Urea nitrogen is a waste product that’s created in the liver when the body breaks down proteins.

Low: Low protein diet, may have

Liver disease
Malnutrition
Overhydration (having too much fluid)

High: high protein diet, may have

Dehydration
Urinary tract obstruction (blockage from being able to pee)
Congestive heart failure

Disease: Diabetes (High BUN)

6. Calcium

Normal range: 9.2–11.0 mg/dL (4.6–5.5 meq/L)
Function:

Strengthening bones and teeth
Regulating muscle functioning, such as contraction and relaxation
Regulating heart functioning
Blood clotting
Transmission of nervous system messages
Enzyme function

Low:

Low blood protein levels, especially a low level of albumin, which can result from liver disease or malnutrition, both of which may result from alcoholism or other illnesses.
People who are acutely ill. With low albumin, only the bound calcium is low. Ionized calcium remains normal, and calcium metabolism is being regulated appropriately.

High:

Hyperparathyroidism, an increase in parathyroid gland function
Cancer:

cancer spreads to the bones
cancer produces a hormone similar to PTH

Disease: Hypocalcemia, Hypercalcemia

7. Chloride

Normal range: 95–103 meq/L
Function:

Electrolytes in the blood
Maintain proper blood volume, blood pressure, and pH of body fluids

Low: May have Dehydration, Kidney disease, Acidosis, Alkalosis
High: May have Heart failure, Lung diseases, Addison's disease
Disease: Hypochloremia, Hyperchloremia

8. Cholesterol

Normal range:
Function:

Production of sex hormones
Bile production in the liver
Production of Vitamin D
Maintain the integrity and fluidity of cell membranes

Low:

May having statins, hyperthyroidism, adrenal insufficiency, liver disease, malabsorption (inadequate absorption of nutrients from the intestines), malnutrition and so on.

High:

Increase your risk of heart disease, or having diabetes, Chronic kidney disease, HIV/AIDS, Hypothyroidism, and so on.

Disease: Hypocholesterolemia, Hypercholesterolemia

9. Creatinine 肌酐

Normal range: 0.6–1.2 mg/dL
Function: Determine kidney function

Creatinine is a waste product that comes from the normal wear and tear on muscles of the body

Low: May have Muscle disease (eg. muscular dystrophy), liver disease or Excess water loss.
High: May have
- Kidney damage or kidney failure
- Kidney infection
- Reduced blood flow to the kidneys
- Dehydration

10. GGT (γ-glutamyltransferase)

Normal range: 5–40 IU/L
Function:

A transport molecule, helping the liver metabolize drugs and other toxins

Catalyzes the transfer of the gamma-glutamyl group of glutathione to peptides, amino acids, or water to form glutamate.

Low: unlikely have liver disease or have consumed any alcohol.

(If elevated ALP with a low or normal GGT means is more likely due to bone disease)

High: Liver or bile duct damage, Chronic alcohol abuse
Disease: Low Gamma-GT Intrahepatic Cholestasis,

11. Glucose (fasting)

Normal range: < 99 mg/dL

100 to 125 mg/dL = have prediabetes,
126 mg/dL or higher = have diabetes.

Function:

A test to determine how much glucose (sugar) is in a blood sample after an overnight fast.

commonly used to detect diabetes mellitus.

A primary role for the glucose molecule is to act as a source of energy

Low: May have hypoglycemia
High:
- Body has been unable to lower the levels of sugar in the blood

Point to insulin resistance or inadequate insulin production, or both

Disease: Hypoglycemia, Diabetes mellitus

12. Insulin

Normal range: 4–24 μIU/mL
Function: Regulate blood sugar levels
Low: Too much insulin or other diabetes
High: Caused by long-term stress, infections, long-term sleep deprivation, obesity and pregnancy
Disease: Hypoglycemia, Hyperinsulinemia

13. Iron

Normal range:

Male: 65 to 176 µg/dL
Female: 50 to 170 µg/dL
Iron saturation: 25% to 35%

Function:

Blood production
Oxygenate the blood
Convert blood sugar to energy
Boosts the immune system
Supports healthy skin, hair and nails

Low: May caused by blood loss, poor diet, or an inability to absorb enough iron from foods.
High: May have iron poisoning
Disease: Iron deficiency anemia, Hemochromatosis

14. Osmolality

Normal range: 275 to 295 mOsm/kg
Function: Determine whether a person has ingested a toxin such as methanol or ethylene glycol (antifreeze)
Low: Particles are more diluted (excess fluid intake or over hydration)
High: More particles in your serum (dehydration, diabetes insipidus, head trauma)
Disease: Hyponatremia, Diabetes insipidus

15. Phosphorus

Normal range: 3.4 to 4.5 mg/dl (1.12 to 1.45 mmol/L)
Function:

keep bones strong and healthy
help make energy
move muscles

Low: Caused by poor diets or eating disorders
High: May have kidney disease
Disease: Hypophosphatemia, Hypoparathyroidism

16. Potassium

Normal range: 3.5 to 5.0 mmol/L
Function: An essential mineral and electrolyte involved in heart function, muscle contraction, and water balance
Low: Muscles feel weak, cramp, twitch, or even become paralyzed, and abnormal heart rhythms may develop
High: Heart may beat irregularly, which in the worst cases, can cause heart attack
Disease: Hypokalemia, Hyperkalemia

17. Protein

Normal range: 6.0 to 8.3 g/dL
Function:

Growth and maintenance of tissues
Causes Biochemical Reactions
Acts as a Messenger
Provide cells and tissues with stiffness and rigidity
Maintains Proper pH
Regulate body processes to maintain fluid balance
Form immunoglobulins, or antibodies, to fight infection
Transports and Stores Nutrients
Provides Energy

Low: May cause muscle wasting and increase the risk of bone fractures
High: May indicate dehydration or a certain type of cancer, such as multiple myeloma
Disease: Hypoproteinemia, Amyloidosis

18. Sodium

Normal range: 135 to 145 mEq/L
Function:

Regulate osmotic pressure and fluid balance
Regulate acid-base balance in association with chloride and bicarbonate
Absorption of glucose, galactose, aminoacids
Cell permeability

Low: May caused by consumption of too many fluids, kidney failure, heart failure, cirrhosis, and use of diuretics
High: May caused by Excess thirst, Infrequent urination, Vomiting, Diarrhea
Disease: Hyponatremia, Hypernatremia

19. Thyroid hormones

Normal range:

T3 resin uptake: 24% to 37%
Thyrotropin (TSH): 0.5 to 5.0 mIU/L
Thyroxine, free (FT4): 0.8 to 1.8 ng/dL
Thyroxine, total (T4): 5.0 to 12.0 μg/dL
Triiodothyronine (T3): 100 to 200 ng/dL

Function: blood test performed as part of an evaluation of thyroid function

Thyroid hormones: regulate many body processes, including growth, energy balance, body temperature, and heart rate.

triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4).

Low: May have hypothyroidism
High: May have hyperthyroidism
Disease: Hypothyroidism, Hyperthyroidism

20. Platelet count

Normal range: 150,000 to 450,000/μl
Function: Blood clotting
Low: May have dangerous internal bleeding
High: bone marrow to make too many platelets
Disease: Thrombocytopenia, Thrombocytosis

21. White cell count

Normal range: 4500–11000/μL
Function: Create antibodies to fight against bacteria, viruses, and other potentially harmful invaders
Low: Indicator of lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, vitamin deficiencies, or a side effect of cancer treatment or increases risk of developing a potentially life-threatening infection
High: Indicate that the immune system is working to destroy an infection
Disease: Leukocytosis (High)

22. Lymphocyte count

Normal range: 1,000–4,800/μL (about 34%)
Function: antibody production, direct cell-mediated killing of virus-infected and tumor cells, and regulation of the immune response
Low: Hard to fight infection
High: Indicate body is dealing with an infection or other inflammatory condition
Disease: Lymphocytopenia, Leukemia

23. Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)

Normal range: 80–96 μm3
Function: Measures the average size of your red blood cells, also known as erythrocytes

Red blood cells move oxygen from lungs to every cell in your body. Cells need oxygen to grow, reproduce, and stay healthy.

Low: Red blood cells are smaller than average
High: Red blood cells are larger than average
Disease: Microcytic anemia, Macrocytic anemia

24. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)

Normal range: 27.5–33.2 pg
Function: The average amount in each of your red blood cells of a protein called hemoglobin, which carries oxygen around your body
Low: Insufficient hemoglobin
High: Excessive hemoglobin
Disease: Microcytic anemia, Macrocytic anemia

25. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)

Normal range: 33.4–35.5%
Function: The average concentration of hemoglobin in your red blood cells. Hemoglobin is the protein molecule that allows red blood cells to carry oxygen to tissues within your body.
Low: Low concentration of hemoglobin
High: High concentration of hemoglobin
Disease: Microcytic anemia, Macrocytic anemia

26. Hemoglobin

Normal range:

Female 12–16 g/dL
Male 13.5–18 g/dL

Function: Transferring oxygen in your blood from the lungs to the tissues
Low: May causes symptoms like fatigue and trouble breathing
High: Body requires an increased oxygen-carrying capacity, usually because smoke

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