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【方剂学】补气剂--四君子汤

补气剂

补气剂,适用于肺脾气虚之证。

代表方如:

四君子汤

参苓白术散

补中益气汤

 

1. 四君子汤《太平惠民和剂局方》----益气健脾

组成:人参、白术、茯苓、炙甘草

 

a. 组成

君:人参----------------去芦,9g

·         甘温,能大补脾胃之气

 

臣:白术------------ 9g

·         健脾燥湿,与人参相须,益气补脾之力更强。

 

脾喜燥恶湿,喜运恶滞👇

佐使:

a. 茯苓-------------去皮(各9g)

·         健脾渗湿

b. 白术

·         互增健脾祛湿之力

 

c. 炙甘草-----------6g

·         益气和中

·         既可加强人参、白术益气补中之功,又能调和诸药

 

四药皆为甘温和缓之品,而呈君子中和之气,故以“君子”为名。四药合力,重在健补脾胃之气,兼司运化之职,且渗利湿浊,共成益气健脾之功。

 

【甘温和缓,适脾欲缓喜燥之性】

 

b.主治

脾胃气虚证:乃由禀赋不足,或由饮食劳倦,损伤脾胃之气,使其受纳与运化无力

 

面色萎白:脾胃气虚,气血生化不足,气血不能上荣于面

·         《灵枢·营卫生会篇》谓“人受气于谷,谷入于胃,以传于肺,五脏六腑皆以受气”,故云脾胃为后天之本,气血生化之源。

 

语声低微,气短:脾为肺之母,脾气虚则肺气亦虚

 

乏力:脾主肌肉,脾胃气虚,四肢肌肉失养

 

食少:脾主运化,胃主受纳,胃气虚弱

 

便溏:脾运不健,湿浊内生

 

舌淡苔白,脉虚缓:脾胃气虚

  • 淡舌:比正常的舌色淡,主气虚、血虚、阳虚
    • 阳气不足,推动血液运行的力量较弱,致使血液不能充分营养舌头
  • 舌苔白:表证
    • 苔薄白而润:表证、轻证
    • 苔薄白而滑:外感寒湿,水湿内停

虚脉:举之无力,按之空豁,应指松软。是一切无力脉的总称。

  • 病症:见于虚证,多为气血两虚。 
    • 迟而无力多阳虚
    • 数而无力多阴虚
      • 气虚:无力推运血行,搏击力弱故脉来无力
      • 气虚不敛:则脉管松弛,故按之空豁
      • 血虚:不能充盈脉管,则脉来无力。

缓脉:正常:脉来和缓,一息四至(每分钟60~70次)

  • 应指均匀,是脉有胃气的一种表现,称为平缓
  • 气血调和
    • 病脉:脉来怠缓无力,弛纵不鼓
    • 病症:多见于脾胃虚弱,湿病
      • 脾胃虚弱:气血不足,血脉失充,鼓动无力
      • 湿邪困遏:脉道受压

正如《医方考》所说:“夫面色萎白,则望之而知其气虚矣;言语轻微,则闻之而知其气虚矣;四肢无力,则问之而知其气虚矣;脉来虚弱,则切之而知其气虚矣。”其治当补益脾胃之气,脾胃健旺,则诸症除矣。


四君子汤 & 理中丸

同:均用人参、白术、炙甘草补益脾胃之气

异:

理中丸:

·         干姜配人参为主

·         既补脾胃之虚,又温中祛寒,具温中补虚之功,而治脾胃虚寒证

 

四君子汤

·         以人参配白术为主

·         重在健补脾胃之气,兼助运化,具补气健脾之功,故主治脾胃气虚之证。

 

异功散、六君子汤、香砂六君子汤与保元汤

同:均由四君子汤加减而成,属治疗脾胃气虚之剂。

异:

异功散

·         加入陈皮,益气健脾,辅以理气和胃

·         适用于脾胃气虚兼气滞证

 

六君子汤

·         加入陈皮、半夏,又有燥湿化痰之功

·         适用于脾胃气虚兼痰湿证

 

香砂六君子汤

·         加入陈皮、半夏、木香、砂仁,除益气化痰外,又能行气散寒止痛,

·         适用于脾胃气虚、痰阻气滞、脘腹胀痛之证

 

保元汤

·         加入黄芪、肉桂,去白术、茯苓,纯补无泻,温补阳气之功著

·         适用于虚损劳怯、元气不足证。

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