【中药炮制学习题】各论：第一章 绪论

答案：

选择题

(一)单选题

1.E   2. B  3.D   4.D   5.C   6.D   7.E   8.C   9.B   10.B

(二)多选题

1. BCD            2.ABC       3.ABCDE     4.ABC

 

填空题

1. 制药

2.中药

3.萌芽

4.《五十二病方》

5.黄帝内经

6.《本草经集注》

7. 《太平惠民和剂局方》

8.《灵枢 邪客》篇

9.《十药神书》

10.酒

11.《太平惠民和剂局方》

12.升提；走肾脏仍仗软坚；注肝经且止痛；除劣性降下；去燥性和中；甘缓难化增益元阳；窃真气步骤补中焦；抑酷性勿伤上膈；解毒致令平和；咸渗骨容易脆断

13.蜜；姜；盐；醋；童便

14.性味功用

15.抑苦寒而扶胃气；泻胆火而达木郁；去燥性而清润；坚性；燥性；中和之性；芳香之性；辛辣之性；味足

16.《中华人民共和国药典》

17.《中华人民共和国药品管理法》

18.1988；部

19.《中药饮片生产过程质量标准通则》

20. 《中药饮片生产过程质量标准通则（试行）》；《中药饮片质量标准通则（试行）》

 

名词解释

1.中药炮制是中国一项传统的制药技朮，是根据中医中药理论，按照辨证施治用药需要和药物自身的特性，质地以及调剂，制剂的不同要求所采取的一项传统制药技术。

According to the TCM theory, chinese Materia medica processing(CMMP) refers to a kind of pharmaceutical technology in accordance with the dialectical medication needs, the nature of the drug itself, and the different requirements for compounding.

2. 中药炮制学是专门研究中药炮制的理论、工艺、规格标准、历史沿革及其发展方向的学科。

Chinese medicine processing is a discipline that specializes in the study of the theory, technology, specifications, historical evolution and development direction of traditional Chinese medicine processing.

简答题

1. 古今炮制名称有炮灸、修治、修事、炮制。

The names of ancient and modern concoctions include artillery moxibustion, repairing treatment, repairing things, and concocting.

 

2．中国古代有三大炮制著作，即为南北朝刘宋时期雷敩所著《雷公炮炙论》、明代缪希雍所著《炮炙大法》、清代张仲岩所著《修事指南》。

The 3 CMMP Major literary work are

《LEI GONG PAO ZHI LUN》 – LEI XIAO

《PAO ZHI DA FA》 – MIAO XI YONG

《XIU SHI ZHI NAN》 – ZHANG ZHONG YAN

 

3．中药炮制应遵守的主要法规有：《中华人民共和国药典》、《中华人民共和国药品管理法》、《全国中药炮制规范》、《中药饮片质量通则》

4. 中药炮制学基本任务有以下三方面：

探究炮制原理： 炮制原理是指药物炮制的科学依据和药物炮制的作用，即探讨在一定工艺条件下，中药在炮制过程中产生的物理变化和化学变化，以及应这些变化而产生的药理作用的改变和这些改变所产生的临床意义从而对炮制方法做出一定的科学评价。它包含对降低副作用、增强疗效、缓和药性、产生新药效的原理研究的内容， 例如对于何首乌、延胡索的炮制机理研究等。

改进炮制工艺：可从两方面来解释，首先是对传统炮制工艺的改进，如泽泻从古至今都采用盐灸法进行炮制，但是现在研究证明，盐灸泽泻的功效与其他炮制工艺，如麸炒泽泻等，并无明显区别。因此认为 泽泻 盐制 还有待商榷。其次，目前大多数饮片厂都改手工操作为机械操作，也是对炮制工艺进行改进的一方面，可适应饮片工业的大量生产需要。

制定饮片质量标准：饮片的质量标准包括经验外观鉴别，还需要增强对饮片的有效成分含量、有毒成分限量、农药残留量、重金属含量及目前讨论较多的指纹图谱相似度研究等。

Explore the principle of CMMP: the principle of CMMP refer to the scientific basis and the effect of CMMP, and the discussing of the physical change and chemical change of Chinese materia medica in the course of possessing under certain technological conditions, and the pharmacology effects’ change originating from these change and the clinical significance owing to these change, thus making certain scientific evaluation for processing methods. The principal covers such principal studies as reduction of side effects, enhancement of efficacy, moderation of drug nature, generating of new efficacy, such as, the study of the processing mechanism of Radix Polygoni Multiflori (Heshouwu), Corydalis Rhizoma (Yanhusuo), etc.

Improved the technology of CMMP: The improvement of CMMP includes two aspects. First, improve the traditional processing technology. For example, Rhizoma Alismatis (Zexie) has been processed through the method of stir-frying with salt water since the ancient time. But the modern research shows that compared with other processing technologies such as stir-frying Rhizoma Alismatis (Zexie) with bran, the efficacy of stir-frying Rhizoma Alismatis (Zexie) with salt water make no significant difference with them. Therefore, we believe that the method of stir-frying medicine with salt water needs further discussion. Second at present most of the prepared-drug-in-pieces transform the manual operation into the mechanism operation, which is the improvement of the CMMP technology, meanwhile promoting the large-scale production of prepared-drug-in-pieces industry.

Formulate quality standard of prepared drugs in pieces: In addition to appearance differentiation, the quality standard of prepared drugs in pieces includes content of active ingredients, limitation of toxic ingredients, pesticide residue, heavy metal contents, and research of fingerprinting similarity that has been discussed more in recent years.

5. 

（1）春秋战国至宋代=中药炮制技术起始和形成期

春秋战国至唐代

这段时间，中药炮制的发展，取得两个方面的成就。一是将唐代以前的炮制方法，归纳成比较系统的炮制通则。二是文献中已出现专门论述炮制内容的章节和专门的炮制著作。

五代至宋代

这段时间，各种炮制方法、炮制原则、炮制品种已初具规模。

 

（2）金元，明代=炮制理论形成期

这段时间，前人零散的炮制经验，得到了比较系统的归纳和概括，成为后世的炮制理论，如陈嘉谟的炮制理论。

 

（3）清代=炮制品种和技朮的扩大应用期 

在归纳和概括炮制理论上有所发挥，增加了许多炮制品种，并对某些中药的炮制工艺和方法是否妥当提出了某些看法。但从总体来看，清代的炮制基本是沿用了元、明时代的理论和技术，而较少创新

 

（4）现代=在中国是炮制振兴与发展期

在教学和人材培养方面，炮制研究方法、饮片生产方面都得到长足的发展

 

(1) Spring & Autumn Warring periods To Song Dynasty= the origination and formation period of CMMP technology.

Spring & Autumn Warring periods To Tang Dynasty

During this period of time, the development of traditional Chinese medicine processing has achieved two achievements. One is to summarize the processing methods before the Tang Dynasty into a more systematic general rule of processing. The second is that there have been chapters devoted to concocting content and special concocting works in the literature.

Five Dynasties To Song Dynasty

During this time, various processing methods, processing principles, and types of processing products have begun to take shape.

 

(2) JINYUAN & MING Dynasty= the formation period of CMMP theory

The scattered processing experience of the predecessors has been relatively systematically summarized and generalized, and has become the processing theory of later generations, such as Chen Jiamo's processing theory.

 

(3) Qing Dynasty= the expending application period of processing varieties and technology.

It has played a role in generalizing and generalizing the processing theory, adding many types of processed products, and putting forward certain views on whether the processing technology and methods of certain Chinese medicines are appropriate. But from an overall point of view, the processing in the Qing Dynasty basically followed the theories and techniques of the Yuan and Ming dynasties, and was less innovative.

 

(4) Now=CMMP in China is the rejuvenation and development period of processing.

In terms of teaching and personnel training, the research methods of processing and the production of decoction pieces have all been developed by leaps and bounds.