Medical student's note

Pharmacology hack part 2 Review:  【Pharmacology】Pharmacology Hack Content: 1. OPIOID µ receptor effect 2. Diuretics 3. Ventricular Arrhythmias 4. Bradycardia & Hypotension  5. Heart Failure 6. Short Acting Benzodiazepines 7. Morphine side effect 8. Heparin Side effect 1. OPIOID µ receptor effect 2. Diuretics 【Pharmacology】Diuretics 3. Ventricular Arrhythmias PALS 4. Bradycardia & Hypotension  IDEA 5. Heart Failure  DAD BOND CLASH 【Pharmacology】Heart Failure 【Pharmacology】Drug for Heart Failure 6. Short Acting Benzodiazepines STOLE 7. Morphine side effect 8. Heparin Side effect

Pharmacology Hack Content: 1. Beta 1 & 2 Receptors 2. Beta Agonists side effect 3. Side effect of Indirect acting agonists reversible 4. ACE Inhibitors 5. Beta Blocker 6. Beta-1 Selective Blockers 7. Cardioselective Beta Blockers 8. Adverse effects of Beta Blockers 9. Beta-blockers main contraincations 10. Side effects of adrenergic antagonists α-blockers 11. Aspirin 12. Penicillin (PCN)  13. Warfin Soudium (Coumadin) 14. NSAID * 15. Iron supplement * 16. Lidocaine toxicity 17. Ondansetron (Zofran) * 18. Cancer Chemotherapy * 19. Aminoglycoside toxicity 20. Tricyclic Antidepressants 1. Beta 1 & 2 Receptors Beta 1 receptor: Heart (1 Heart) Beta 2 receptor: Lungs (2 lungs) 2. Beta Agonists side effect "3T" Tolerance Tachcardia Tremor 【Pharmacology】Adrenergic drug (adrenergic agonists) 3.  Side effect of Indirect acting agonists reversible due to overstimulation of cholinergic receptors---"DUMBBELS" sign of Organophosphate poisoining D iarrhea  U rination  M io

Antibiotics  Content: 1. Antibiotics classification 2. Mechanism of action antibiotics 3. Cell wall synthesis inhibitors 4. Cell membrane integrity disruptors ------------Part 1 5. Nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors 6. Protein synthesis inhibitors 7. Metabolic pathway inhibitors 8. Reference Review:  【Pharmacology】Antibiotics part 1 5. Nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors living organisms store their genetic information in the form of DNA  the cell uses DNA to survive and replicate  but first things bacteria must convert their genetic information into functional molecules  this is done by using DNA as a template for the synthesis of RNA molecule  process known as transcription  RNA can then perform tasks directly or act as a blueprint for the synthesis of functional proteins process known as translation  Drugs capable of inhibiting DNA or RNA synthesis  render the bacteria unable to create proteins and replicate  but not toxic to our own body's cells  bacterial enzymes that carry out s

Antibiotics  Content: 1. Antibiotics classification 2. Mechanism of action antibiotics 3. Cell wall synthesis inhibitors 4. Cell membrane integrity disruptors ------------Part 1 5. Nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors 6. Protein synthesis inhibitors 7. Metabolic pathway inhibitors 8. Reference 1. Antibiotics classification broadly defined as chemical agents that kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms  classified as  broad-spectrum: act against wide range of microorganisms  narrow-spectrum: act against very few types of microorganisms   bactericidal: kill bacteria bacteriostatic: only stop bacteria from growing  Selection of antibiotic  depends largely on  clinical manifestation of the infection  the patient profile  often guided by Kirby-Bauer method: culture sensitivity dilution test: determine the lowest concentration of antibiotic that inhibits visible bacterial growth known as minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) the lowest concentration of antibiotic that kills at least 99.9%

Antifungal drugs Difficulty of creating drugs? The similarity of fungal and mammalian cells creates a number of challenges for designing drugs that are selectively toxic to fungal cells but not to our own cells.  The only significant difference between fungal and mammalian cells:   presence of fungal cell walls a small structural difference in the plasma membrane 1. Fungal cell wall Cell wall of most fungi is composed of  mannoproteins   rigid layers of complex polysaccharides β-1,3 and β-1,6-linked glucans chitin Being external, the cell wall offers  mechanical strength and acts as a barrier thus protecting the fungus from the hostile environment.  Underneath this wall  lies the plasma membrane made up of phospholipid bilayer The major sterol found in fungal plasma membranes: ergosterol acts to maintain membrane  integrity in the same capacity as cholesterol,   cholesterol is the major sterol found in mammalian  cell membranes houses multisubunit enzymes responsible for fungal cell wa

Hyperlipidemia  A disorder in which there are abnormally elevated levels of fat particles in the blood known as lipids  these lipids can adhere to the walls of the arteries and restrict blood flow creates significant risk of heart attack and stroke  Content: 1. Lipids 2. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors  3. Lipid-lowering drugs  4. Fibrates 5. Bile acid sequestrants  6. Cholesterol absorption inhibitors 7. PCSK9 inhibitors 8. Omega-3 fatty acids  9. Reference  1. Lipids Three major lipids in the blood  cholesterol necessary for the synthesis of bile acid steroid hormones maintain the integrity of cell membranes triglycerides composed of glycerol and three fatty acids serve as an important source of energy that can be stored throughout the body phospholipids major component of all cell membranes function as an emulsifiers  These lipids are insoluble in blood plasma, so they have to be transported throughout the body in a protein capsule, known as lipoprotein  lipoproteins consist of  a hydr